For instance, numerous studies have shown that a bout of PRE leads to an acute increase in the rate of protein synthesis and the activation of signaling through growth regulatory molecules, such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). In addition to inducing an increase in muscle mass, we also wanted to develop a mouse model that could elicit some of the classic types of responses that are known to occur when humans engage in PRE. Over the last decade, these recommendations have been widely accepted, and, therefore, served as the foundation for the training paradigm that was implemented in our mouse model. Moreover, the resistance employed during each training session should be progressively increased as the individual’s strength improves. For such individuals, the ACSM recommends that all major muscle groups be trained two to three times per week, with an emphasis placed on multi-joint exercises that involve 8–12 repetitions per set, 1–2 min of rest between sets, and a total of one to three maximal-intensity sets of each exercise per training session. Specifically, we focused on the recommendations for training paradigms that are intended to induce muscular growth in novice human subjects (i.e., untrained individuals with no prior resistance exercise experience). In order to develop a model that accurately mimics a human PRE training paradigm, we referred to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations for progression models of resistance exercise. Thus, one of the primary goals of this study was to develop a mouse model that mimics a human PRE training paradigm and induces an increase in the mass of numerous muscles throughout the body. This is an important point because the most robust health-related benefits of PRE would be expected to come from interventions that impact all of the major muscle groups. Indeed, we are not aware of any mouse models that have been shown to induce an increase in the mass of numerous muscles throughout the body. (2020) recently summarized the currently available mouse models and, as highlighted in their review, most models use chronic forms of mechanical overload (e.g., the synergist ablation model) and/or only focus on one or two muscles within a single limb. Mouse models are now viewed as being particularly advantageous because they are amenable to the wide array of genetic inventions that are often paramount to mechanistic studies. The majority of these models have involved the use of rodents, with earlier models largely relying on rats and more recent models relying on mice. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that weight pulling can serve as a highly translatable mouse model of progressive resistance exercise.ĭuring the last 50 years, a variety of different animal models have been used to develop a better understanding of how PRE induces an increase in muscle mass. Moreover, we demonstrate that weight pulling can induce the same type of acute responses that are thought to drive these long-term adaptations (e.g., the activation of signaling through mTORC1 and the induction of protein synthesis at 1 h post-exercise). The relative increase in muscle mass is similar to what has been observed in human studies, and is associated with the same type of long-term adaptations that occur in humans (e.g., fiber hypertrophy, myonuclear accretion, and, in some instances, a fast-to-slow transition in Type II fiber composition). We demonstrate that weight pulling can induce an increase in the mass of numerous muscles throughout the body. This study describes a mouse model of progressive resistance exercise that utilizes a full-body/multi-joint exercise (weight pulling) along with a training protocol that mimics a traditional human paradigm (three training sessions per week, ~8–12 repetitions per set, 2 min of rest between sets, approximately two maximal-intensity sets per session, last set taken to failure, and a progressive increase in loading that is based on the individual’s performance).
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